Notes of a Native Son Essay -- James Baldwin

Everyone Likes a Good Story By nature, human beings like stories. Sea captains tell of ferocious storms, travelers describe exotic places, friends recall good times spent together, and people listen. Thoughts are a different issue- fewer people will listen because there is simply less to get excited about, especially if the listener can?t relate. James Baldwin, author of many novels and essays, including ?Notes of a Native Son,? has many thoughts to share, and keeps the reader interested while he shares them. Baldwin carries the reader through ?Notes? by telling stories of his own life, and shares his thoughts about being a black man along the way. Baldwin?s use of stories not only keeps the reader interested in the essay, but also lets the reader know where Baldwin is coming from, which makes his points much more understandable. ?Notes? is an essay centered on the death and funeral of Baldwin?s father in 1943, but most of the points Baldwin makes throughout the essay are about being a black man living in the United States during this time, when racial tensions were very strong. In ?Notes,? Baldwin gives the reader first hand accounts of these tensions, including one time he was almost killed. Baldwin had been living in New Jersey for a year, where he ?learned ? that to be Negro meant, precisely, that one ? was simply at the mercy of the reflexes the color of one?s skin caused in other people? (68). It was in New Jersey that Baldwin truly learned how white people mistreated black people. On his last night there, he went to a movie with a white friend, and afterwards tried to order some food at a diner. When he was told, ?We don?t serve Negroes here,? (70) his pent up rage took over and he returned to the street... ...anged from disliking him to wishing he were still around to help him with the problems of white treatment of blacks he was just now realizing existed. Although his father warned him of these problems, Baldwin had to experience them to believe him. Because the reader cannot experience many of the events that led to Baldwin?s current beliefs, his first hand accounts are the next best thing. These stories make Baldwin?s points more credible in the reader?s mind, just as his father?s points became more credible in Baldwin?s mind after he experienced what his father was warning him about first hand. This credibility from experience is how Baldwin reaches us in the same way his father eventually reached him. Works Cited Baldwin, James. ?Notes of a Native Son.? 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

Ralph Ellisons novel, Invisible Man. Essay -- English Literature

Ralph Ellison's novel, Invisible Man. The unnamed, main character and narrator of Ralph Ellison's novel, Invisible Man, goes through the story being thrown from one ideology to another in search for a sense of individual truth. The narrator finds that following an ideology does not help him find individualism whatsoever but only confines what he can be. The narrator's grandfather gave him his first and most prominent ideology in which he were to follow. "Son, after I'm gone I want you to keep up the good fight. I never told you, but our life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy in the enemy's country ever since I give up my gun back in reconstruction. Live with your head in the lion's mouth. I want you to overcome 'em to death with yeses, undermine 'em with grins, and agree 'em to death and destruction, let 'em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open." In his last testaments, the narrator's grandfather is trying to give a guide to overcoming the white man oppression by pretending to enjoy attending to the white man's desires. Race st...

Joseph Stalin Essay

Stalin: Evaluation of His Leadership At the time, Stalin seemed like he was the greatest person on Earth. He made himself seem as if he was above everybody, both physically and mentally. After all of the revolts that were occurring in Russia, he just took over. He went into power right after Lenin had died and took his place, over Trotsky who also wanted to rule over Russia. Well he didn’t and we can’t change that. All we can do is remember Stalin and remember all of the things he did to make people support him and his cause to industrialize Russia. Let’s talk a little but about how Russia was before Stalin came into power and changed up the whole game for Russia. As soon as the Czar of Russia (Nicholas II) was kicked off his throne, Russia’s peasant population came strong and in numbers. These peasants all set up something that was called the Provisional Government. The Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd, and was led first by Prince Georgy L'vov and then by socialist Alexander Kerensky, a prominent member of the Duma and a leader of the movement to unseat the Tsar. This government had really good intentions but they just couldn’t make it happen. And the fact that they made some not so smart choices doesn’t help too much either. The people of Russia wanted this government gone which launched the November Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks. What they wanted to do was to gain freedom, land and political strength. And so they did; they overthrew the fragmented government and finally had accomplished what they set out to do. But just like the Provisional Government, the Bolshevik government was sure to fail too. This is where Stalin comes in; this is where he takes over. Joseph Stalin took over right after Lenin had died and in December 1924, Stalin declared himself the new Leader of the USSR and became the Dictator of Russia. Now at first, Stalin didn’t seem like such a bad guy. He actually seemed like someone who was going to bring Russia to their prime. Just look at Document One. He’s explaining to his people how far behind they really are compared to the rest of the world and that if they don’t do something soon, they’re done. All he wanted to do was fix Russia, to bring them out of their â€Å"hundred year lag† and to make them more powerful. That was the goal of his 5 Year Plan. Stalin had extremely high expectations for Russia now that he was in power, and he would do anything to achieve them. If you look at Document Two, you can see how high he set his expectations. And then again, if you look at Document Three, you could see the amount of success he had with both of his Five Year Plans. Production in some areas were increasing at a very rapid pace. He wanted to more than double the production that Russia was putting out. You can see how much better he wanted to make his country, but he would do anything for it. Joseph Stalin was a very determined man and he would do anything to get what he wanted. This is where his use of propaganda came in. What is propaganda? You can think of it as information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause. If you look at Document Ten, you can see how he was portrayed by many different artists. Well, the artists really didn’t have a choice but to portray him in a positive way. This is where you can finally see the â€Å"evil† side of Joseph Stalin. He used force to get what he wanted and many people didn’t see it. Eventually, his Five Year Plans backfired and really sent the peasants into an even deeper level of poverty. Not only did he send some of the peasants into even more poverty that they were already in, he even killed some of them or put them in work camps and starved them to death. (Document Seven). He wasn’t going to let anybody stand in his way and if they tried, he would kill them off just like that. So as you can see, once Stalin came into power, he really didn’t want to lose his command over the Russian country. He did anything he had do to keep power and although all his intentions seemed good, he was really a dictator who made things a lot worse for the lower class of Russia. It’s too bad that many people couldn’t do anything about it because he would kill off anybody that revolted against him. So although he was one of the most terrorizing rulers of Russia, nobody ever really knew because of all the things he did to hide his truly evil side. To the people, he remained pure and an amazing leader; but we all know about things he did to make himself seem that way. Sure, his intentions were good (industrialize Russia and catch up to the rest of the world), but all we can do is remember all of the methods he used to make people support him and his cause.

Attachment and Imprinting Essay

Attachment Attachment is an emotional bond which we as people depend on for our sense of security . Attachment is not just a connection between two people; it is a bond that involves a desire for regular contact with that person we want to remain close to one another. But also we can have the distress of separation and joy and being reunited. As we form attachments throughout our lives there is a particular attachment between babies and their main primary carer According to psychologist Mary Ainsworth , attachment â€Å"may be defined as an affectional tie that one person or animal forms between himself and another specific one – a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.† Attachment behaviour in adults towards a child includes responding sensitively and appropriately to the child’s needs. Such behaviour appears universal across cultures. Attachment theory provides an explanation of how the parent-child relationship emerges and influences subsequent development. John Bowlby’s theory of attachment led to believe the importance of the child’s relationship with their mother in terms of their social, emotional and cognitive development. Specifically, it shaped his belief about the link between early infant separations with the mother and later, led Bowlby to formulate his attachment theory. Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson studied the progress of 60 babies starting from a few weeks old to 18 months. These children were observed in their own home , and a pattern was identified in their development of attachment. They found that babies attachment developed in a sequence Up to 3 months of age – Indiscriminate attachments. The newborn is predisposed to attach to any human. Most babies respond equally to any caregiver After 4 months – Preference for certain people. Infants they learn to distinguish primary and secondary caregivers but accept care from anyone; After 7 months – Special preference for a single attachment figure. The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection. It shows fear of strangers (stranger fear) and unhappiness when separated from a special person  (separation anxiety). Some babies show stranger fear and separation anxiety much more frequently and intensely than others, but nevertheless they are seen as evidence that the baby has formed an attachment. This has usually developed by one year of age. After 9 months – Multiple attachments. The baby becomes increasingly independent and forms several attachments The results of their study found that attachment were most likely to develop with carers who responded to their needs , rather than the person that spent most of their time with . Schaffer and Emerson called this sensitive responsivness .But the most important fact in forming attachments is not who feeds and changes the child but who plays and communicates with him or her. Bartholomew gathered evidence that attachment behaviour exists across many different cultures . Bartholomew thought it was relevant to study adults as well as children and found evidence to suggests that adults have the desire for closeness with and attachment figure especially under certain conditions . Attachment has proved to be an invaluable in understanding the relationship between early experiences and later development. A secure attachment greatly advantages the child in its later development . Imprinting Is a rapid learning process by which a newborn or very young animal establishes a behaviour pattern of recognition and attraction to another animal of its own kind or to a substitute or an object identified as the parent. A form of imprinting is filial imprinting, in which a young animal acquires several of its behavioral characteristics from its parent. Imprinting is the term used in psychology to describe any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behaviour. It was first used to describe situations in which an animal or person learns the characteristics of some stimulus, which is therefore said to be â€Å"imprinted† onto the subject. However, in child development the term is used to refer to the process by which a baby learns who its mother and father are. The process is recognised as beginning in the womb, when the unborn baby starts to recognise its  parents’ voices. Konrad Lorenz , a scientist who studied animals in their natural environment and their behaviour , found imprinting is an inbuilt tendency for a young animal to follow a moving object and form an attachment . Konrad Lorenz conducted an experiment with greylag goslings who were reared from an egg by humans and did not mix with their own speicies . He found that they imprinted to the first large moving object that it sees Lorenz also found that imprinting occurs in other kinds of animals too . He found many types of birds , some insects , fishes and some mammmals , for example deer and sheep . However imprinting not occur in human infants but they do form close relationships with others . An infant will behave differently with its mother and recognise her voice when heard , or follow her movements round the room , stop crying when they are picked up by her , a baby will recognise its own mother 2 How can studies of animal behaviour and reactions be applied to human psychology ? .Write 500 words to elaborate and justify your answer. The study of animal behaviour can lead to a deeper and broader understanding of human psychology. Research on animal behaviour has led to numerous discoveries about human behaviour, such as Ivan Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning or Harry Harlow’s work with rhesus monkeys. Many psychologists studied animals to gain an insight into human development so they could understand human behaviour without studying humans for moral and ethical reasons . This would also restrict the type of research that they could use on a human being. They also found you could control the animals environment and animals are quicker at reaching adulthood allowing them to research in a short time . Harlow did a study/experiment on young rhesus monkeys were he separated them from their mother at birth , he wanted to show the importance of a mother’s love for a healthy childhood . His study was cruel yet they uncovered truths that influence our understanding of child development .Harlow’s most famous experiment was when he separated two monkeys at birth and placed them with two artifical surrogate mothers, a wire mesh â€Å"mother† and a cloth â€Å"mother† one was not so nice to cuddle and the other ( cloth mother) was more soft and cuddly. . Both had tubes in which the monkeys could obtain food . the experiment discovered that the  monkeys spent more time with their cloth mother than their wire mother , which concluded that â€Å" contact comfort† was important in the development of affection. Harlow also found the attachment of infant monkeys to their surrogate in other experiments that he did . An example is that he placed a moving toy into the cage ,the monkeys reaction would be of one of fear or they would scream or cry, however if the wire mother was present it would stop , but with the cloth mother they showed initial fear but would quickly calm down when close to her and would explore the object with the security of the cloth mother . Harlows experiments showed proof that love is vital for normal childhood development â€Å"These data make it obvious that contact comfort is a variable of overwhelming importance in the development of affectional response, whereas lactation is a variable of negligible importance,† Harlow explained (1958). Ivan Pavlov classical conditional theory is based on his observations, he focused on investigating exactly how these conditioned responses are learned or acquired. Classical conditioning is often used to treat phobias, anxiety and panic disorders. It’s important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov’s classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behaviour. A understanding of human behaviour and development through studies of social behaviour in monkeys has relevance for general and child psychology . Especially in Harlow’s learning research it demonstrates that animals , like humans are able to learn and apply stategies to situations , so we have a better understanding on why we behave the way we do .

Designing Customer Driven Marketing Strategy

Designing Customer Driven Marketing Strategy: Now-a-days companies recognize that they can not appeal to all buyers in the marketplace or at least not to all buyers in the same way. Buyers are too numerous, too scattered, and too varied in their needs and buying practices. Moreover, the companies themselves vary widely in their abilities to serve different segments of the market. There are 4 steps of designing customer driven marketing strategy. They are described below: (i) Market Segmentation:Buyers in any market differ in their wants, resources, locations, buying attitudes, and buying practices. Through market segmentation, companies divide large heterogeneous markets into smaller segments that can be reached more efficiently and effectively with products and services that match their unique needs. Market segmentation is of two types: A) Segmenting consumer market: There is no single way to segment a market. A marketer has to try different segmentation variables, alone and in comb ination, to find the best way to view the market structure. There are four segments of consumer market: . Geographic Segmentation: It calls for dividing the market into different geographical units such as nations, regions, states, provinces, cities or even neighborhoods. ECONO DX mainly does their business in villages. They are also supplying their pens in big cities of Bangladesh but, in few amounts. 2. Demographic Segmentation: It divides the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, family life cycle, income, occupation, education, religion, race, generation and nationality. Demographic factors are the most popular bases for segmenting customer groups.One reason is that consumer needs, wants and usage rates often vary closely with demographic variables. Another is that, demographic variables are easier to measure than most other types of variables. As example, old people will buy ECONO DX because; memorable events are related to it. Another example is lower income people uses ECONO DX pen as it is cheap. 3. Psychographic Segmentation: It divides buyers into different groups based on social class, life style or personality characteristics. People in the same demographic group can have very different psychographic makeups.Mainly middle and lower class people are the target customers of ECONO DX. 4. Behavioral Segmentation: It divides buyers into groups based on their knowledge, attitudes, usage or response to a product. This grouping is done depending on occasion, benefit sought, user status, user rate, loyalty status etc. As example, patriotic people will want to buy ECONO DX Ball pen because, it is an old brand and they are using this brand may be from the time of liberation war. B) Segmenting Business Market: Consumer and business markets use many of the same variables to segment their markets.Yet, business marketers also use some additional variables, such as customer operating characteristics, purchasing approaches, situati onal factors, and personal characteristics. By going after segments instead of the whole market, companies can deliver just the right value proposition to each segment served and captured more value in return. When ECONO DX was first introduced in the market, the owner of the company was very cleaver to grab the market for his product. He made a contract with BD government that- in all government official sectors ECONO DX will be the only ball pen to be used as official accessory.Requirements for effective segmentation: Clearly there are many ways to segment a market, but not all segments are effective. To be useful, market segments must be- 1. Measurable: The size, purchasing power and profiles of the segments can be measured. 2. Accessible: The market segments can be effectively reached and served. 3. Substantial: The market segments are large or profitable enough to serve. 4. Differentiable: The segments are conceptually distinguishable and respond differently to different market ing mix elements and programs. 5. Actionable: Effective programs can be designed for attracting and serving the segments.ECONO DX fulfills all these five criterions. (ii) Market Targeting: Market segmentation reveals the firm’s market segment opportunities. The firm now has to evaluate the various segments and decide how many and which segments it can serve best. In evaluating different market segments, a firm must look at three factors: segment size and growth, segment structural attractiveness, and company objectives and resources. Firstly, the company must collect and analyze data on current segment sales, growth rates and expected profitability for various segments.But â€Å"right size and growth† is a relative matter. The largest, fastest-growing segments are not always the most attractive ones for every company. Smaller companies may lack the skills and resources needed to serve the larger segments. Secondly, the company also needs to examine major structural fac tors that affect long-run segment attractiveness. For example, a segment is less attractive if it already contains many strong and aggressive competitors. The existence of many actual or potential substitute products may limit prices and the profits that can be earned in a segment.The relative power of buyers also affects segment attractiveness. Buyers with strong bargaining power relative to sellers will try to force prices down, demand more services, and set competitors against one another- all at the expense of seller profitability. Finally, a segment may be less attractive if it contains powerful suppliers who can control prices or reduce the quality or quantity of ordered goods and services. Even if a segment has the right size and growth and is structurally attractive, the company must consider its own objective and resources.Some attractive segments can be dismissed quickly because; they do not mesh with the company’s long-run objectives. Selecting Target Market Segmen ts: After evaluating different segments the company must decide which and how many segments it will target. A target market consists of a set of buyers ho share common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve. Market targeting can be carried out at several different levels- Undifferentiated marketing strategy, Differentiated marketing strategy & Concentrated or Niche marketing.ECONO DX is following undifferentiated marketing strategy. Undifferentiated marketing: Using an undifferentiated marketing or mass marketing strategy, a firm might decide to ignore market segment differences and target the whole market with one offer. This mass marketing strategy focuses on what is common in the needs of consumers rather than on what is different. The company designs a product and a marketing program that will appeal to the largest number of buyers. (iii)Differentiation and Positioning:A product’s position is the way the product is defined by consumers on important att ributes- the place the product occupies in consumers’ minds relative to competing products. Products are created in the factory, but brands are created in the mind. Consumers are over-loaded with information about products and services. They cannot reevaluate products every time they make a buying decision. To simplify the buying process, consumers organize products, services, and companies into categories and â€Å"position† them in their minds.A product’s position is the complex set of perceptions, impressions and feelings that consumers have for the product compared with competing products. They must plan positions that will give their products the greatest advantage in selected target markets, and they must design marketing mixes to create these planned positions. Choosing a Differentiation & Positioning Strategy: Some firms find it easy to choose a differentiation and positioning strategy. The differentiation and positioning strategy of ECONO DX is, â€Å" ECONO DX in different generation†. Competitive Advantage:To build profitable relationships with target customers, marketers must understand customers needs better than competitors do and deliver more customer value. To the extent that company can differentiate and position itself as providing superior customer value, it gains competitive advantage. The competitive advantage of ECONO DX is it’s lower price. Selecting an Overall Positioning Strategy: The full positioning of a brand is called the brand’s value proposition- the full mix of benefits upon which the brand is differentiated and positioned. It gives the answer to the customers that why they will buy this brand.Overall positioning strategy can be of five types. Among them ECONO DX follows â€Å"More for the Same Strategy†. This strategy says about, companies can attack a compititor’s more-for-more positioning by introducing a brand offering comparable quality but at lower price. From past til l present, time has changed a lot. Sometimes it was hard to pass the time, and sometimes time became a matter of joy. So, as shown in our video advertisement- by the side of type-writer or keyboard using, ECONO DX ball point pen became something that supports all the time.

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Criminology - Essay Example The critical criminologists believe that the marginalization and criminalization are highly integrated with each other. This may affect the mental state of the individuals under marginalization and some of them may indulge in any criminal activities. The marginalization may occur at individual level or at group or community level. The people with physical or mental disabilities are subjected to marginalization at individual level. This is against the basic principles of human rights and several nations have made their legislature to reduce or avoid this practice. The employers or organizations may consider the inclusion of disabled people as a stumbling block to the productivity. In this process, they indulge in marginalization which is unfair. Moreover, the companies must work with principle of equality and corporate social responsibility. Therefore, marginalization must be eradicated by the employers. The marginalization may also be found in community or group level in the form of women and aboriginal groups. When the people are subjected to colonialism, they will have to leave their place of residence and will be settling in new areas and during this process, they are marginalized to participate in any social functioning. Similarly, the women are subjected to marginalization as far as the employment in some organizations is concerned. Criminalization means a process of imposing a criminal penalty for the illegal act committed by any person. According to critical criminologists, it is a social process in which individual may undergo a transformation of their behavior to crime or violent act (Mc Laughlin et al., 2002). The origin of criminal behavior may be in the form of discrimination or victimization (Walklate, 1989). Criminalization may disrupt the social order, and hence the society requires legal order that controls the crime rate. Some times, the criminalization may be originated from lack of health safety measures due to which other persons in the soci ety get potential harm. For example, the defendant was sentenced to two year imprisonment under criminal law for being responsible for the transmission of Hepatitis B in UK (Mohanty, 2009). As mentioned earlier, critical criminologists argue that the criminalization may be originated due to distorted mental behavior when a person is subjected to marginalization in the society and having historical link with criminalization may be considered as a cause for marginalization (Walklate, 2003). Hence the criminalization and marginalization are correlated with each other. For example, the criminal history of the Black youth, the black cultural spaces were excluded from new playgrounds of the night time economy in UK (Talbot and Bose, 2007). Hence, in the control of crime rate in the society, the steps for reducing the marginalization would be of immense help. The thorough analysis of causes or factors of victimology would certainly help in reducing the menace of criminalization in the soci ety (Fattah, 1992). References Fattah, EA. 1992, The Need for a Critical Victimology, In Towards A Critical Victimology. Ezzat A. Fattah (ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publication, pp.  14–23. ISBN : 0-312-07551-0. Mc Laughlin, E., Muncie, J & Hughes, G. 2002, Criminological Perspectives: Essential Readings (Published in association with The Open University), Sage Publication, pp: 612, ISBN-10: 0761941444. Mohanty, K. 2009, â€Å"

International business Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International business - Movie Review Example The team shooting the documentary visited the largest U.S. landfill, known as Apex, based in Las Vegas, to show the viewers how landfills work. Then they travels to China, Beijing, and show the flip side or reverse of the story: looking into just a few of the hundreds of illegal dumpsites, which have emerged in the citys outskirts to deal with the rising waste produced by Chinas growing middle class (Hulu 1). The documentary leads to a report that is centered on advocating for recycling garbage, as well as the many opportunities it offers, whether it is plastic cans being remanufactured into textiles or waste foodstuff being repurposed into high-octane gas. According to the documentary, roughly 80% of what Americans discard into the waste system is recyclable. However, only 28% of these throwaways are recycled. This has lead to major destruction of the habitat as, for instance, waste is China is been thrown to major rivers that a used to supply water to the Chinese citizens (Hulu 1). Ways to solving these issues are easy and simply require individual effort. Each year, Americans throw plastic cups, paper, forks and spoons, which are enough to circle the equator a number of rounds. This is a lot of waste, which could simply be reduced by washing the dishes. Every American, on a yearly basis, uses approximately 1 billion shopping bags, leading to 300,000 tons of landfill waste (Hulu 1). A solution to this is through introducing reusable bags. Reusable bags will help curb this trend by reducing the 300,000 tons of wastage caused by these plastic bags. In the documentary, it was projected that 275 million tires were in unsold stocks (Hulu 1). This can cater as a breeding site for mosquitoes and a home for rodents as they keep heat. These piles also easily ignite, developing toxin-emitting, hard-to-put out fires, which can combust for months.